Brand Positioning of Asiatravel

Brand Positioning One of the aspects of brand equity is brand positioning. AsiaTravel has not distinguished itself from other competitor in terms of products and services. The company does not have clear view of which market segmentation they want to enter and has not built a good brand image. In order to create good brand position in the market, AsiaTravel should look into market segmentation, focuses in point-of-parity (POP) and point-of-difference (POD), and brand image. The current travel industry does not really tap into customers’ demand.Most of the airlines and travel agents compete each other in terms of price, time slot and the number of accessed cities and towns. Therefore, AsiaTravel can differentiate itself by offering packages that suit customers’ preferences by simply asking. Package is no longer fixed. Instead of sticking on one tour, AsiaTravel should guide customers on vacation tour. Secondly, market segmentation can be done to ensure each individual ha s the best vacation experience. There are many ways to do market segmentation, from demography, lifestyle, and to geography. (CWL Publishing Entreprises, 2009)For AsiaTravel to have a fraction of mind share in customers, it is important of AsiaTravel to know where it wants to stand, either as price leader, quality leader or specialist (CWL Publishing Entreprises, 2009). Brands that stand in the middle of the road get run over. Since many travel agents have not realized the paramount of specialization, AsiaTravel can tap this into opportunity by being quality and specialist leader. Being specialist means the tour guide has to offer besides providing information to customers, security and basic needs. AsiaTravel can sell the country culture that is not written in the book.For instances, mingle and live with the locals. The emotional and experience they get are invaluable. Moreover, tour guide can try to develop a relationship between a group of tourists and among tourists and locals. The purpose is to eventually; each individual has expanded the networking. Travelling is no longer about sightseeing, shopping and et cetera, but also building a network among each other, learning and knowing others’ culture. Being different increases the POD and the risk of switching cost, and thus leads to stronger brand position while at the same time POD ust not be compromised, as similarity becomes the minimal requirement the travel industry must meet. When the company has evidently differentiated itself from its competitors and clearly conveyed the message to the customers, the brand image will come naturally. However, when it is not managed properly, the brand image cannot leverage the brand equity. To maintain the brand image and brand position, marketing communications programs must ensure customers are exposed to the all the brand elements and brand associations.Brand has to be treated like human beings possess a variety trait of characteristics (Customer Manufactur ing Group, 2006). By understanding the brand personality, marketers get the whole picture of brand identity and easier to conveying the message consistently. (Customer Manufacturing Group, 2006) From the marketing program and brand positioning strategy, it is clear that AsiaTravel aims to focus customers’ preferences, being unique, caring, warmth, fun, friendly and also ensures everybody has the best pleasant vacation experience.Moreover, since AsiaTravel primarily focuses on young adults and only fly within Asia, it is an energetic, flexible, proud to be Asian and affordable brand. Therefore, it is a new brand image that AsiaTravel aims to build and maintain to be top leading organization in the travel industry. Bibliography Customer Manufacturing Group, 2006. Customer Focused Brand Positioning. CWL Publishing Entreprises, 2009. Positioning and Brand Personality.

Include strategies Essay

Plan, implement and evaluate at least three activities for children in the foundation stage. You should ensure that across the three plans there are learning goals from each of the 6 areas of learning. Your plans should include strategies for differentiation.  Claire Field  Preston College  Introduction  The purpose of this work is to review the nature and content of the foundation stage curriculum and to consider the theoretical underpinning and underlying principles that have assisted in the formation of this early years practice. Through the planning and implementation of three activities, spanning the full spectrum of the foundation stage curriculum, the writer aims to identify and meet the needs of foundation stage children. This work will then evaluate the provisions for these children and investigate further the ways in which differentiation strategies can be implemented to ensure all children, regardless of their abilities, or stage of development, may receive the curriculum, delivered in a style appropriate to them and their own personal requirements. In 1988 the Conservative government, under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, legislated that a National Curriculum be in force for pupils between the ages of 5 and 16, because she believed that  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœa good educational system was essential for the future  success of the nation’ (Ridley, 1992, p92)  Although a curriculum was in place for ages 5 to 16, there was a distinct lack of standardised learning for the early years. Margaret Hodge joined the Department for Education in 1998 and was responsible for reforming pre-school education policy (www.news.bbc.co.uk 12/10/2006). She was actively involved in the implementation of the Foundation Stage Curriculum in September 2000 and the publishing of the guidance to accompany this. The abilities of children are multifaceted and the foundation stage curriculum gives practitioners a much less rigid approach than the National Curriculum, by following the children’s progress using stepping stones. As the foundation stage curriculum is a government legislated policy, this means that all children should follow it. As it is flexible in the way in which it is implemented, it means that different types of settings can fashion the teaching methods to follow it in their own way. This means that whether a child attends a pre-school, an LEA nursery, a work-based nursery, or indeed a childminder, they are provided with the same curriculum. This is governed by Ofsted who maintain this proviso through their regular inspections. Good planning is essential in ensuring that all the practitioners involved can build a picture of the children’s development programme. Not only does it provide them with a premeditated programme of learning, but it also gives an opportunity for discussion to take place, where they can think about how they can progress children through the various stages of learning. For the practitioner to ensure all areas of the curriculum are covered, the planning must,  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœentail attention to overall (long-term) planning, medium  and short-term planning†¦for every aspect of every  lesson’ (Cohen et al, 2004, p125) Long term planning ensures that all the areas and aspects of learning within the curriculum are covered throughout the whole year and provides a template for the medium term planning. Correct use of the Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage, together with the knowledge of the practitioners relating to the individual children, means that the children experience new and exciting ways to learn through play. The long term plans of the settings must be flexible. They should incorporate the schools ethos and provide for an enriched curriculum with scope for differentiation to allow inclusion. Medium term planning then identifies the specific topics of work to be covered over the term, or half term. From these the practitioner then sets out the weekly activity plans, to guarantee full coverage of the learning outcomes within the set topics. It is vital that the plans cover the whole of the six areas of learning and that the practitioner assesses the progress of the children, in order to make certain that they are all progressing to the best of their capabilities. Recording achievements as stepping stones enables early years practitioners’ to carry out assessments whilst the children are involved in activities, thus preventing the child having any knowledge that an appraisal of their skills and understandings is being undertaken. Planning and evaluating the success criteria of an activity allows the practitioner to be certain that every area of the curriculum is covered. Piaget introduced three principles of cognitive development and these apply to all of the subjects studied in this report. His first principle is assimilation. He says that children do not absorb all the information they encounter. They actively engage in the assimilation process and learn what is relevant to them at their stage of development. The schema stage is next. During this phase the children relate what they know already to their current situation. The third phase is where the child wishes to seek stability cognitively. He utilises the knowledge gained and applies it to make a general logical picture (Oakley, 2004). From this it is clear to see how the children gain the learning and knowledge applicable to them by interpreting activities in their own way.

Calculating Distance Between Tow Points on Earth Surface Using Gps Coordinates

DISTANCE CALCULATION Because of the near-spherical shape of the Earth (technically an oblate spheroid) , calculating an accurate distance between two points requires the use of spherical geometry and trigonometric math functions. However, you can calculate an approximate distance using much simpler math functions. For many applications the approximate distance calculation provides sufficient accuracy with much less complexity. The following approximate distance calculations are relatively simple, but can produce distance errors of 10 percent of more. These approximate calculations are performed using latitude and longitude values in degrees. The first approximation requires only simple math functions: Approximate distance in miles: sqrt(x * x + y * y) where x = 69. 1 * (lat2 lat1) and y = 53. 0 * (lon2 lon1) You can improve the accuracy of this approximate distance calculation by adding the cosine math function Improved approximate distance in miles: sqrt(x * x + y * y) where x = 69. 1 * (lat2 lat1) and y = 69. 1 * (lon2 lon1) * cos(lat1/57. 3) If you need greater accuracy, you can use the Great Circle Distance Formula. This formula requires use of spherical geometry and a high level of floating point mathematical accuracy about 15 digits of accuracy (sometimes called double-precision). In order to use this formula properly make sure your software application or programming language is capable of double-precision floating point calculations. In addition, the trig math functions used in this formula require conversion of the latitude and longitude values from decimal degrees to radians. To convert latitude or longitude from decimal degrees to radians, divide the latitude and longitude values in this database by 180/pi, or approximately 57. 9577951. The radius of the Earth is assumed to be 6,378. 8 kilometers, or 3,963. 0 miles. If you convert all latitude and longitude values in the database to radians before the calculation, use this equation: Great Circle Distance Formula using radians: 3963. 0 * arccos[sin(lat1) * sin(lat2) + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(lon2 lon1)] If you do NOT first convert th e latitude and longitude values in the database to radians, you must include the degrees-to-radians conversion in the calculation. Substituting degrees for radians, the formula becomes: Great Circle Distance Formula using decimal degrees 963. 0 * arccos[sin(lat1/57. 2958) * sin(lat2/57. 2958) + cos(lat1/57. 2958) * cos(lat2/57. 2958) * cos(lon2/57. 2958 -lon1/57. 2958)] OR r * acos[sin(lat1) * sin(lat2) + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(lon2 lon1)] Where r is the radius of the earth in whatever units you desire. r=3437. 74677 (nautical miles) r=6378. 7 (kilometers) r=3963. 0 (statute miles) If the software application or programming language you are using has no arccosine function, you can calculate the same result using the arctangent function, which most applications and languages do support. Use the following equation: 3963. 0 * arctan[sqrt(1-x^2)/x] where x = [sin(lat1/57. 2958) * sin(lat2/57. 2958)] + [cos(lat1/57. 2958) * cos(lat2/57. 2958) * cos(lon2/57. 2958 lon1/57. 2958)] If your distance calculations produce wildly incorrect results, check for these possible problems: 1. Did you convert the latitude and longitude values from degrees to radians? Trigonometric math functions such as sine and cosine normally require conversion of degrees to radians, as described above. 2. Are the equations implemented correctly with necessary parentheses? Remember the old math precedence rule MDAS multiply, divide, add, subtract. 3. Does your software application or programming language provide sufficient mathematical accuracy? For best results, you need about 15 digits of accuracy. 4. When you imported the data from the text files your latitude/longitude values may have been truncated. Make sure you did not lose any of the digits to the right of the decimal point during import. 5. Have you lost any precision of your decimal values due to rounding during importing or calling custom math functions

Using the product or service of your choice describe the behaviors in Assignment - 1

Using the product or service of your choice describe the behaviors in making a purchase - Assignment Example According to the principles of marketing based on consumers’ behavior, four major factors influence how consumers of food products make their purchase. The main factor that greatly influences the buyer’s behavior is culture. Therefore, the type of food to be sold in a given market should be determined by the buyers’ culture (John 2000, 28). From the time one is born to the time he is fully grown, it is the culture that will dictate the types of food he is going to prefer eating. The social description of the buyers is also another factor that influences the behavior of the buyer in a food market. The amount of food and type a buyer buys greatly depends on the size of his family, his roles in the society and to a greater extent his social status. Personal factor as the third factor touches first on the buyer’s age and life cycle stages. The type of food one buys in a market over a lifetime changes with age and time. Food purchase behavior is also molded by family life cycle in the since that members of the buyer’s families go through different stages with time (Ruth 2000, 20). Therefore, the market should shape their food supply in the market basing on the consumers life- cycle. Secondly, a person’s occupation can also affect food purchase behavior. Buyer who is a blue-collar worker will tend to buy foods reach in calories because of body demand. One’s economic status is the third important factor under this category of personal f actors (Robert 2008, 27). An individual of high economic status will buy food of high cost while one of low economic status will constrain his budget to cheap food. Last but not the least is one’s lifestyle. The food market should try as much as possible to focus on the lifestyle of the buyer as another thing that affects his buying behavior. People from the same culture, society or even community cannot have the same lifestyle.This means different food and other commodities preference.

Microbes and Us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microbes and Us - Essay Example They are capable of utilizing diverse sources of carbon and nitrogen; and have an efficient energy metabolism (Hobson and Stewart, 15). The fermentation products in a glucose medium are succinic, formic and acetic acid (Bryant et al., 18). They are generalists capable of degrading a many carbohydrates except celluloses. Degradation of starch due to amylase activity converts starch into maltose and maltodextrins. The ÃŽ ±-amylases breakdown the carbohydrate chain randomly. Polysaccharides such as xylans and pectins present in plant cell walls are also degraded by caboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activity due to both extracellular and intracellular CM-cellulases and pectinases. The xylanase activity of the P. ruminicola has been attributed to multiple xylanase genes encoding endoglucanase, endoxylanase and oxygen sensitive exoxylanase activity (Gasparic et al., 2958) while proteolytic ability is due to a unique dipeptidylpeptidase activity (DAP1) (Hobson and Stewart, 15). It helps overcome lack of free transport of amino acids in the cell (Mackie & Morrison, 7). Obligate anaerobes P. ruminicola are among the most abundant (19%) of the rumen and hind gut microbiota cattle and sheep (Hobson and Stewart, 15). P. ruminicola are also indigenous population of human oral cavity and surface (Haraldsson, 23). As a consequence of the symbiotic relationship of P. ruminicola along with other similar microbes with the ruminants, the latter are able to derive nutrition from the herbaceous materials made of starch and hemicelluloses. Further due to the proteolytic activity of P. ruminicola low quality protein sources ingested by the host animal are converted into high quality microbial cell proteins that are then made available to the host animal. 3. Gasparic, A, et al. "A xylan hydrolase gene cluster in Prevotella ruminicola B14: sequence relationships, synergistic interactions, and oxygen sensitivity of a novel enzyme with exoxylanase and

Personal reflection paper on servant leadership Research

Personal reflection on servant leadership - Research Paper Example On the contrary servant leadership style is the answer to all our leadership dilemmas, it teaches us to give priorities to our followers and not have the arrogance and pride of modern day leaders. It is about understanding human beings and keeping relation prior to money, power or fame. It connects our worldly desires with the eternal life and through the best example of Jesus Christ; it teaches us compassion, sacrifice and devotion to a noble cause. The balancing act between religious teachings and conducting our business is best described by this approach ensuring us success in both worlds, helping others that gives us incomparable peace and harmony eventually a feeling of self actualization. A literary analysis of servant leadership taught me a lot about this leadership style, it was an enriching experience learning about something that has real meaning of life. The Servant leadership phenomena basically reflected the idea of alleviating other’s lives and helping them in their development and achieve progress in their lives. While reading Spiritual Leadership by Darrell SC Peregrym I understood that basis of every religion mainly Christianity is humble nature of the leaders and prophets, intended to bring peace and salvation to those who are in suffering. Another lesson learnt through this concept was demarcation between state and church which acts as the basis of political system in western world now. Earlier teachings of Christianity equated money and worldly pleasures with evil however segregation between Church and governing bodies of civil society helped in establishing role of Church and its representatives as a servant leader (Peregrym, 2011e). Hence, it i s Church’s responsibility to provide guidance to people without seeking anything in return. Furthermore, servant leadership cannot rest only with today’s managers and senior

International Human Rights Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Human Rights Law - Essay Example f attaching to third world repressive regimes and conflict zones often permits the most horrific human rights abuse through promulgation of unsavory business practices as pointed by GE1. Several of these multi-national firms are accused of economic imperialism and the fostering of intercountry competition as related in Blake,et al 2. Governed by the rules of supply and demand, their loyalties are solely afforded to their stockholders. Amidst accusations and public scrutiny, extra-territorial corporate regulations are implemented to address human rights concerns as provided by U.S. Dept. of Commerce3. Serious calls for legislative challenges alleged that the American Government as a whole benefited from this internationalization of production and marketing. As the parent country of TNC’s, such allegations created fear among the public officials who are likely dragged into the difficult situation. As a result of these concerns, the government has imposed stringent measures to unravel the complications of jurisdictional disputes and direct relationship of the parent state and the host country over the multinational corporations. Along with other parent countries standard policies for control were established to meet the specific demands of their parents and host. In response a number of multinational corporations countered with their own voluntary policies and/or codes developed with industry groups, intergovernmental organizations and multi-stakeholder initiatives to provide as an adjunct to the established principles provided by the state or parent countries, in Simons4. Voluntary Principles were also established by the United States and United Kingdom to offer as guidelines for human rights assessment techniques. The United Nations Human Rights Responsibilities also upheld an effective model for voluntary self-assessment and verification methods to ensure corporate accountability. Problems are often encountered though at their regulations especially in

Issues Related To The Auditor Independence Research Paper

Issues Related To The Auditor Independence - Research Paper Example Self-review threats also present threats to independence while advocacy threats may present unbiased opinions on the financial position of the firm. Intimidation threats such as coercion the owners of the firm will hinder the independence of the auditor. Auditor’s independence must be about integrity, objectivity, and skepticism (Basu, 2009). The auditor is expected to monitor the integrity of the financial statements, review the internal financial controls, review the effectiveness of the internal audit department, and provide non-audit services while considering the ethical guidelines concerning the auditor’s work. Rotation of audit staff and partners will safeguard the familiarity threat and minimize self-interest threats to independence (Flood, 2012). In order to maintain independence, the auditors are required by law o maintain integrity, competence, objectivity, performance, and courtesy. The auditor must safeguard himself or herself from self-interest threats by abstaining from any direct or indirect financial interest in the audit work (Flood, 2012). The auditor should not take any loan, the guarantee of a loan from the client, or engage in undue dependence on the total fees paid by the client. ... In this case, the auditor should not be a promoter of the shares or securities of the client and should not act in litigation or solving of disputes with third parties. The auditors must avoid the familiarity threats and observe ethical guidelines that prohibit conflicts of interests such as abstaining from engaging in audit work if the client is a close family member (Adelopo, 2012). The auditor must not accept any hospitality or gifts from the client, the directors or employees of the client (Basu, 2009). Auditors may face intimidation threats such as the threat of replacement due to disagreements on certain accounting principle, dominant personality of senior management, and pressures to reduce the amount of audit work in order to reduce the audit fees.

The Issue of Automation in Business Practices Research Paper

The Issue of Automation in Business Practices - Research Paper Example   Allen (2001) looks critically at the disadvantages of manual processes. The main demerit of undertaking business operations manually is that it is time-consuming and wastes organizational resources. Take for instance; a highly automated factory can achieve a higher amount of production within a set timeframe compared with when the processes are undertaken manually. Process automation also encourages organizations to reduce the number of workers and subsequently cut the cost of operation. The undeniable fact is that any organization that carries out most of its operations manually can hardly attain the state 2 of cost-efficiency (Allen, 2001). This is because the organization’s limited resources would be squandered on paying wages and maintaining the large number of employees hired to do the long manual processes. The good news is that every step in a business operation can be automated with the use of applicable technology and software for better efficiency. In a big corpo ration or networked organization, it is helpful to implement Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as a system of coordinating all the sections of operations within an organization through the use of software that necessitate swift communication and higher performance among these sections in real-time (Allen, 2001). Automating with ERP helps organization to cut down the number of human personnel required for a job and eliminate cumbersomeness that often affects human activities within an organization. Most proponents of ERP believe that the system provide a unique opportunity for employees of an organization to harness their potentials in a speedy manner while attending to the goals of their organization. And automation is the backbone on which ERP depends on for successful implementation. 2.2 Value-Added Functionality Automating a process or a set of processes undoubtedly increases the value of the output of such processes. Corcoran et al. (2010) believe that automation affords organi zations the benefits of fastness, sustainability and quantifiable outcomes. In other words, when an operation is automated, it increases the added value to the output in a way of quick delivery and better presentation in environmentally friendly nature that would lead 3 to the output being well accepted by consumers. For example, consumers are likely going to show more interest in organizations that offer quick services and products. Though, how much value automation adds to the quality of a service or product is still an ongoing debate. Bannerman (2008) opines that even though an organization enjoys process improvement, this does not necessarily mean that it will lead to business improvement for the organization. However, Allen (2001) states that improved business operations are likely going to add to the value of the goods and services offered by the concerned organization.  Ã‚  

Transformational Learning Essay Example for Free

Transformational Learning Essay I believe that transformational learning process when everyone in the world goes through it in their life. When that time in your life comes up if you are on the right path or no sometimes you are on the right career path or not some adult change their career path that’s is using their transformational learning. A transformational learning experience from my life is when my mother told me and my sibling that we was moving to myrtle beach south Carolina it took us nine hundred thirty eight miles away from our family. I was so heart broken when my mother told me that the process of us moving was overwhelming and so painful, my mother didn’t know how to tell our family that we was moving so far away. This moving process was so stressful for me and my siblings, but also exciting that we was moving to a new state and not knowing anyone or how to get around to places without getting are self lost. My mother knew our family members would be so sad because we Was moving so far away. My mother had to make sure the moving process went well before we moved to Myrtle Beach. One of the Mezirow’s seven phases that applies to my experiences would be recognizing that others have gone through a similar process. I researched that everyday people move to better their self and to better their kids in their education or better their career. My mother move to Myrtle Beach South Carolina so that me and my sibling can further are career and are goals.

How Did Nazi Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics Essay

How Did Nazi Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics Essay Between the years 1933 and 1939 the Nazi regime in Germany grew incredibly fast. Hitler entered the National Socialists cabinet in January 1933, and two months after this, Hitler had strengthen his political power by supposedly, entirely legal means. In order to consolidate their power as a strong political party, the Nazis were determined to convince people of the value of their regime. One of the most direct means to convince the German people of the value of the National-Socialist ideas was through propaganda that appeals to the emotions and feelings of the German people after the crisis they had to experience after the First World War. In this paper I will attempt to identify the methods used by the Nazi party in order to acquire the attention of the people and to establish the National-Socialism as the main party in Germany, as well as the importance that the Propaganda had in the outcome of the National Socialist regime and of the actions taken by them during the years of the S econd World War. To achieve this I will analyze Germanys situation in the period of 1933 to 1939, where the National Socialist regime achieved its main aim -to become the main political power in the country- using propaganda as the main way to get the people ´s attention that would lead them and would give support to all the path of actions that were taken during the years of the war. I will analyse, for example, the importance of various legislative and administrative changes made by Hitler, the achievement of economical recovery as something that was used to appeal to the honour of the German people who were devastated by the consequences of the First World War, the creation of the sensation of fear through the use of imagery and language to control the people and how every ideal of the National-Socialist party was developed through propaganda. B. Summary of Evidence Although there are other very important factors to attribute the consolidation of power of the National Socialists, propaganda was definitely one of the major causes of this. Even though it is extremely difficult to measure the exact extent in which propaganda affected the Nazi consolidation, the huge propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as the savoir of Germany, had an enormous impact and influence on the German people. The master propagandist of the Nazi regime, Joseph Goebbels, was convinced that the Ministry had the mission of achieving mobilization and mind of spirit on Germany  [1]  . In 1930 he became the headmaster of the propaganda division of the National-Socialist party, in this position he built the basis of the mass manipulation through propaganda. When Hitler finally achieved power he was named Minister of Popular Illustration and Propaganda and it was then when he became determined to switch the ideals and the mind of the German people to act in favour of the Nazi party. As a consequence of the idea of changing the German people ´s mind as well as other National Socialist thoughts, Joseph Goebbels created a propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as a great man that helped the economical recovery of Germany -that was an important appeal to the German people considering the economic crisis they had to assume after the First World War-; he was portrayed as Germanys saviou r. Goebbels, in his attempt, to consolidate Nazi power and convince German people to support them, used the technique of total propaganda. In other words, the government had control over the media  [2]  . Goebbels took control of the newspapers, and although their writing style did not change, most the newspapers promoted fascism and Nazi German nationalism. Thanks to Goebbels ´ work and the impact of the total propaganda technique, he was undoubtedly responsible for the rise of Hitler to the power and too the centre of the political situation in Germany. His position as the Minister of public enlightenment and propaganda, gave him an absolute control of the mass communications media such as the press, radio, cinema and others. The culture created by the propaganda technique implemented and used by Goebbels created an entirely new era of mass manipulation. After they tested the effectiveness of the ministry of propaganda, and when the Nazi party was convinced about the importance of mass manipulation through media, they decided to split the Ministry into seven different departments. Once they had taken over most Germany, the propaganda ministry was split into seven different departments that included Radio, Film, Theater, Music, Literature, Visual Arts and, of course, Propaganda. Every aspect of the life in Germany was permeated by the Ministry, the re-education and the mobilization of mind and spirit of the German People stopped being just an ideal of the National-Socialist party and became a fact and a way to proceed to accomplish a Nazi state with Nazi ideals supported by all the German people. As the Nazi party was trying to convince German society that the National Socialist regime was the best for them, they were also taking part of the World War II. It was extremely important to convince people that fighting was necessary in order for Germany to stay stable. Propaganda played a highly important role in the confidence of German people that supported the war, the ministry of propaganda made sure that the moral of the German people and of the soldiers fighting the war stayed focused on the ideals of the Nazi party. Most of Nazi German propaganda consisted of material sustaining the wartime effort. Besides this, Hitler and the higher Nazi leaders encouraged racism and wished to begin the extermination of races that they considered inferior. Although there were already some unhappinesss between the German Jews and other Germans, it was still necessary to convince the German population that action against them was necessary. The Nazis used the idea of the perfect and pure rac e that was planted into the people ´s mind and that would lead to atrocities such as the Holocaust. They used posters stating facts like this to assure that the idea of the pure race would become important to every German person: The Aryan race is tall, long legged, slim. The race is narrow-faced, with a narrow forehead, a narrow highbuilt nose and a lower jaw and prominent chin, the skin is rosy bright and the blood shines through . the hair is smooth, straight or wavy possibly curly in childhood. The colour is blond. Of course, to state the priority of the German Maser Race, the propaganda ministry made the people believe that one of the reasons why Germany was defeated in the First World War (and that would lead to all the economic problems and the shattering of the German spirit) was because the German race had become impure when the Aryans began marrying non-Aryans. This implied that, in order to make Germany a strong country again and to make the people strong and confident, the Nazi party had to ensure the purity of the Aryan race. The use of the word pure was fundamental i n Nazi propaganda. Propaganda must not investigate the truth objectively and, in so far as it is favourable to the other side, present it according to the theoretical rules of justice; yet it must present only that aspect of the truth which is favourable to its own side. () The receptive powers of the masses are very restricted, and their understanding is feeble. On the other hand, they quickly forget. Such being the case, all-effectivepropaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and those must be expressed as far as possible in stereotyped formulas.  [3]  This would explain why the use of simple words and formulas that appeal to the emotions of the audience were effectively used in Nazi propaganda  [4]  . These kind of statements, written by Hitler himself, prove that not everything said by the government was truth and that they were trying their best to convince people of the truths expressed in stereotyped formulas and repeated incessantly though every type of media communication owned by the Ministry of propaganda. It also shows Hitlers main intention by introducing Nazi propaganda, which was to convince everyone that the National Socialist regime was the best for Germany. Even when there were lots of types of propaganda, all of them ended in the same conclusion and had the same intention of persuading people to support the National Socialist regime ideals and everything implied by them-. Some historians think that the main reason why the Nazi Germany regime remained in place was, in fact, due to the fear factor created by the Nazi propaganda and the language used to appeal to people  [5]  . Language became, through the use of propaganda, a tool to manipulate and to lead society to obey without question the government and the radical ideas the Nazi party had. Organizations such as the SS  [6]  would work to wipe out anyone who didnt agree with what the Nazi propaganda said. Although the fear factor influenced and was seen in a large majority, it affected a small minority. Thanks to this fear people would stop speaking about issues related to the National Socialist regime, they stopped disagreeing about what the Nazi party was trying to impose. We could say that both fear and propaganda were the main factors that may have helped to consolidate the Nazi power. Nazis justified their actions through the use of propaganda, the manipulation of language and images, t he emotions and fears of the people and the idea of the pure race. An important example of this fact is what is known as The Night of the Long Knives, an opertation that took place on June 30th 1934 where the SS executed a series of political leader who were opposing to the Nazi ideas and to Hitler himself. The SS executed seventy men on charges of treason. Most of them were members of the SA also known as Sturmabteilung (Storm Section) or Brownshirts. This organization was openly against the National Socialist regime. This series of executions obviously caused more fear in society and decreased their rebellion intentions. C. Evaluation of Sources. Source 1:Randall L. Bytwerk , Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. This sources main purpose is to show why the Nazi propagandas had such a fast effect and how it impacted society from that time. It examines the range of techniques used by Nazis. It talks about how people were embraced by the propaganda; it describes how the propaganda was in control of basically every media of communication that is what made it a very good source for this paper. However the book also says that the effect of the propaganda did not last much and it explains that in a way, Nazi propaganda failed since they expected more of their propaganda than what it actually was able to do. This is one of the weaknesses if the source since it is a contradiction to what I am trying to prove which is that the Nazi propaganda had a huge effect in the outcome of the Nazi regime. Source 2:Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. This is a great source since it analyses every aspect of the effects of the Nazi propaganda, it explains how society was affected by it. It shows different kinds of perspectives, as the first source this one also says that the effect of the Nazi propaganda was not as big or as shocking as it is generally thought. It explains that the National Socialists were expecting propaganda to have a greater effect that what it had, however it had a part of the influence in the outcome of the Nazi regime. D. Analysis. Anyone who produced, distributed, broadcasted, published or sold any form of media or press had to first join one of the propaganda ministry departments and follow all the publishing rules they had. Hence, without the ministry license to practice their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers and directors could not work in their field. Along with these guidelines, they brought up the prohibition of all Jewish newspaper and media. Due to the abolition of every anti-Nazi publications and media in general, public felt that the overall mood of all the media was pro-Nazi. German people knew that disagreeing could cause a calamity, the terror present in German society at the Nazi time of government was ultimately what caused the consolidation of power in the Nazi Germany. The Nazi party conducted some symbolic acts such as the ceremonially book burning in 1933 that was proclaimed as an action against the un-German spirit that wanted to end with all the Jewish intellectualis m through a purge by fire, all of this was proclaimed by the Press and Propaganda Ofiice of the Deutsche Studentenschaff (Student Association). Without a doubt, the propaganda used by the Nazis was influential on the actions of the German society, the popularity of the propaganda used in ht theatre and in the movies was evident if we consider the increase of movie viewers between 1933 (1 million viewers) and 1942 (250 million viewers). The moral and confidence of the German people was increased as well through propaganda and even through architecture  [7]  . All the arts were involved with the propagation of Nazi ideals. The significant number of movie viewers was thanks to Goebbels idea that movies should not be overly propagandists and must be entertaining. However as in every other media, the ultimate goal was to influence people and drag them into Nazism. Goebbels considered that the appropriate propaganda to be used in the movies should be using dramas centred on historical and influential figures. There were also some very straightforward war films that contained clear pro-German and pro- nationalistic messages, other films that performed a slightly different propaganda function, such as 1936 Olympia, which showed that Germany could put on a magnificent show for the Olympics. The huge success of the films during this period conveyed to the public the sense that Nazi regime was a regime of modern progress, breaking barriers in technology, convincing public that remaining with the Nazi party would be the only solution in order to progress. The Olympic Games of 1936 were handed to Berlin before the Nazis came to power, and Hitler thought of this as the perfect opportunity to demonstrate the world how efficient the Nazi Germany was. The Berlin Olympic Games were also the perfect scenario for the Nazis to prove the power of the Master Race. The Nazis gave an outstanding performance in the use of radio for the reporters. Twenty transmitting vans were put at the disposition of the foreign media along with 300 microphones. The radio broadcasts at the Olympics were given in 28 different languages. The director of NBC in America congratulated the Nazis for this service; this was a great triumph for the Public Entertainment and Propaganda MinistryRadio could also be considered as one of the greatest and most convincing propaganda. For example the Volksempfanger; in 1933, 4.5 million German houses had broadcast access and were listening to it. This was thanks to the availability of inexpensive radios. A factor of success of the radio was its personal nature, while the cinema was experienced with others, the radio had the ability for the Nazi party to talk to people in their own home, and also they could share it with the public thanks to the speakers in the streets. E. Conclusion The National Socialist regime held absolute control over Germany between the years 1933 and 1939. The Nazis dominated every aspect of the everyday life of ordinary people and made it almost impossible for people to escape the influence of Nazism in their family, their work, and even thinking. Even though the Nazis did bring some prosperity to Germany in economic ways at that time, the overall Nazi regime was based on terror and it was centred on the transformation of Germany which could only be completed by affecting the lives and thoughts of most, if not all of the German citizens. Most of the Nazi ideals were mainly promoted through films, radio, theatres and newspapers controlled by the National Socialist regime. There was no way of avoiding it; it was spread across every form of entertainment and media of communication. A significant percentage of Germans seem happy with Nazi control, however, those who were not, were harshly punished by either the Gestapo or the SS. The propagan da used in the wartime had a massive effect in people causing lots of German Citizens to join the National Socialist ideas and helping the Nazis to gain control over almost every German citizen. F. Sources and Word Count Word Count: 1994 Bytwerk, Randall L. Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Nazi and East German Propaganda, Guide Page, German Propaganda archive. The Holocaust History Project ,

Why Was There Stalemate On The Western Front Between Germany And Franc

Due to the complexity of this question, it must be broken down before an attempt at answering it can be made. Following this, it will be easier to understand the exact context in which this article will consider this question. By asking ‘Why was there stalemate on the Western front’ two questions are actually being asked. Firstly, why did a stalemate start and secondly why did the stalemate continue between 1914 and 1918. The second issue within the question is the section that specifically refers to stalemate between ‘German and France’. It is debatable whether this refers to conflict between German and French armies or German and French territories. Since British and Belgian forces had a significant impact to conflict on the Western front and the inclusion of facts concerning these forces is necessary to answer in full the question ‘Why was there Stalemate on the Western front’. This article will take the opinion that the question asks for th e inclusion of all relevant events leading to and sustaining deadlock on the Western front. The structure of this article will look chronologically at the start of the deadlock followed by an analysis of the continuation and eventual end of the stalemate. When war began in the summer of 1914 both Germany and France had distinct ideas about how war should proceed. Germany, being the initiator of conflict, had the advantage of putting its ‘Schlieffen Plan’ into action first. The plan called for a large-scale invasion of France with a large proportion of the German army moving into France through Belgium. Paramount to the German plan was speed. In order for Germany to be able to invade Russia without worrying about France, Germany needed to defeat the French in a matter of weeks. Due to a number of unforeseen factors, the German plan failed and led directly to the deadlocked situation that would continue for over four years. As a result of alteration to the Schlieffen Plan, the complete failure of the French plan XVII and the intervention of British, Belgian and French forces, a situation that could only be described as stalemate was firmly established by November 1914. The events leading to this began on 4th August 1914 when around a million German troops poured into Belgium according to the Schlieffen plan. This when Germany met its first major setbacks as Britain, quite unexpectedly from Germany’s perspective, immed... ...anes of both sides went badly wrong, a large and unexpected confrontation resulted in all armies digging in to hold their ground. Despite numerous attempts to break through these positions, good defensive weapons and positions combined with equally adversaries resulted in a deadlock that could not be broken until the sides were no longer equal and better offensive methods had been developed. Deadlocked trench warfare seems the only logical method for which a prolonged war between powerful European countries could take place at the time. The weapons, technologies and tactics of the time were ideally suited to a defensive war and both sides exploited these when their ambitious plans for a quick war failed. In hindsight, these plans may seem silly, as it is obvious that the French and German plans could not both succeed and it is now known that the war lasted more than four years when the people who conceived these plans envisaged a war of only two or three months. But it must not b e forgotten how close Germany came to victory in the early stages. If just a few small things had happened differently then Germany may well have won and the world may well be a very different place today.

A Respectable Trade and Amistad Essay -- Slavery Slaves History Papers

A Respectable Trade and Amistad An unfortunate part of history and labor involves European, American, and African slave traders engaging in the lucrative trade in humans. The movies, A Respectable Trade and Amistad show two slightly different slants to the same evil side of the concept of slavery. They point to an all too realistically gruesome picture of this despicable economic system. Although slavery contains some similarities to capitalism, it contains in it many differences as well, making it a distinct system from others that have existed. Slavery. The term and all that it embodies inspires revulsion, anger, and sadness. The history of this nation is intertwined with slavery-as many things are the result of African-American sweat and blood-(brought to these shores in slave ships). The institution of slavery had a significant impact on this society's institutions, such as the family, and on its social thought, law, and economy. Slavery was a form of dependent labor that can be differentiated from other forms by the fact that in any society the general consensus is that it was considered to be the most degrading and most sever. It can be characterized by a relationship that was founded on the notion of dominance and power. To mention briefly, humans have created other forms of dependent labor as well: serfdom, indentured labor, and peonage. However these are not the same as slavery. A "serf" was usually subject to the law, and thus had some rights of his or her own. A serf was also usually bound to the land in comparison to the slave who was usually bound to his master and thus had to live where the master told him to and could be sold whenever the master wanted to sell them for money. The serf als... ...clopedia Britannica. "Slavery." Wysiwyg://35http://www.britannica.com/b†¦16,117527+1+109538,00.html?query= slavery G, Brianne. B, Scott. M, Lindsay. "The Three Passages into Slavery." http://www.benjaminschool.com/hagy1/webpages/three_passages_into_slavery.htm McCormick, Erin. Zamora, Jim Herron. "Slave Trade Still Alive in U.S." San Francisco Examiner. February 14, 2000. http://www.trafficked-women.org/examiner.html Robinson, B. A. "A Brief History of the 'Peculiar Institution:' Slavery in North America." 2000. http://www.religioustolerance.org/slavery.htm "Slavery." http://www.usbol.com/ctjournal/Slavery2.html S. Trey. "Treatment of Slaves." http://www.benjaminschool.com/hagy/webpages/life_on_a_plantation.htm "Understanding Slavery: The Lives of Eighteenth Century African-Americans." http://www.sciway.net/hist/chicora/slavery18-1.html

The Great Depression in America :: essays research papers fc

Child Labor The 1990 World Summit for children was a landmark, which was attended by 71 heads of state. It was a moment of great satisfaction and encouragement for all the international bodies engaged in their pursuit of making â€Å"A world fit for children†, when 71 heads of state pledged to eradicate polio, reduce infant mortality rate, eliminate the worst forms of child labor and promote vocational training for adolescents (Sandrasagara, 7). Complex Factors There is a popular public opinion that the children should not be exposed to labor tasks including employment at an age, which demands their involvement in educational and recreational activities. The activities undertaken at child age contribute to their growth and development and undertaking labor task at this age is no less than a crime. However, mostly people express this opinion based on strong emotions and the complex factors contributing to this dilemma are not understood in their real background. These factors range from legal, social, political and economic aspects, which extend far beyond the strong emotions. A detailed, careful and empathetic analysis of these factors can lead us to understand the problems of child labor on an international horizon. Powerful legislation, its strict enforcement and the extent of its implementation across the board on an international scale can serve as a foundation in addressing this curse. International studies reveal the magnitude of the grave problem of child labor. A systematic estimate, undertaken in 1985 (Black 9), calculated around 31 million street children worldwide, of whom 71 percent were child workers living at home, 23 percent kept occasional family contact, and 8 percent were entirely separated. The contributing factors to the child labor are limitless, however, the vital few factors are external debt, poverty, lack of appropriate infrastructure, economic crisis, and social and cultural environment. It is said that the information technology has greatly contributed in globalization and transforming the world into a global village. The irony of the situation is that everything in this world is globalizing except wealth and development. The Brettonwoods institutions i.e. IMF and the World Bank have to play a strong and unbiased role in ensuring that the seeds of growth and development are injected into the developing world. Although poverty is termed to be the main causal factor for child labor in the developing world, however, some studies have shown that some child workers â€Å"are relatively from affluent families, and engage in the business for excitement and pocket money (Myers 9).

Report on Importance of Communication in Tourism Industry

TOURISM AS COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN TOURISM Ms. Neena Gupta V. Research Scholar, Dept. of  Ã‚  English , Univ. Of Jammu, Jammu-180006 Email:  [email  protected] com Phone: 9796491314 Introduction Tourism is one of the most remarkable success stories of modern times. The industry, which only began on a massive scale in the 1960’s, has grown rapidly and steadily for the past 30 years in terms of the income it generates and the number of people who travel abroad. Tourism is the largest service – sector in India. Tourism contributes 6. 23% to the national GDP Tourism generates 8. 8% of the total employment in India . India is to be a Tourism hotspot from 2009 to 2011. (This data is available on Indian Tourism Website). It has proved to be resilient in times of economic crisis and will continue to grow at a rapid pace of almost 4% a year in the 21st  century. According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization) forecasts, more than 700 million people will be travelling internationally by the year 2000, generating more than US $620 billion earning. But what is Tourism? It is important to understand Tourism as a concept as well as a phenomenon .It is not enough to treat Tourism as an industry and keep conducting research to increase profits. This industry is marketing aspects of a country or a region for profit. This implies that one invites visitors to access a part of one’s home or neighbourhood. This cannot be dismissed as mere business. Tourism, therefore, is an extremely complex endeavour. Not only are huge amount of money at stake, it is in addition providing economic incentives for protecting the natural environment, restoring cultural monuments, and preserving nature.In a small but important way, Tourism is contributing to the understanding among peoples of very different backgrounds. But above all, it performs the business of providing a break from stress of routine and fulfilling dreams of leisure travelling. Concept O f Tourism The dictionary  defines tourism as’travelling for pleasure’; and a tourist as ‘one who travels for pleasure. ’  Ã‚  Some definitions attempt to define Tourism in conceptual terms. These provide a theoretical framework in order to indentify the essential characteristics of tourism and what distinguishes it from similar, sometimes related, but different activities.Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in these destinations and the facilities created to cater to their needs. Thus Tourism cannot  be treated like any other industry. The  Twentieth century changed the world forever. Technological advances translated into rapid strides in development in all fields—economic, political, social, arts and culture. Travelling, for profit or pleasure, came out of its exclusivity and became more routine.In the feudal world only th e Aristocracy would embark on a ‘Grand Tour’ of the ‘Continent’ or a ‘Voyage’ around the world. A more equal and prosperous population led the world towards this complex phenomenon we call Tourism. In  Ã‚  its simplest form it is travel to new lands; the experience of the exotic in the unfamiliar; an attempt to educate ones’ self  Ã‚  or simply immerse ones’ self in the joys of travel. The space of a hundred years between the twentieth century and the twenty-first has changed tourism from travel to a form of social activity.Rapid strides in knowledge about different, and little known parts of the world and their cultures has revolutionized the concept of tourism. The conceptual framework of human ‘Thought’ has undergone several transformations and the new world is an amalgam of a considerable number of worlds formed out of disparate ‘thoughts’. Right from the onset of the last century the world has be en searched and researched as a set of separate but related structures.The smug and complacent divisions of nation, religion and God; of the earth and its resources; of the space surrounding humans broke down in an acknowledgement that all these are a common heritage of all. Intellectual movements that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s analysed human culture  semiotically. They are concerned with the analysis of  language,  culture, and  society. The structuralist mode of reasoning has been applied in a diverse range of fields, including  anthropology,  sociology,  psychology,  literary-criticism  and  architecture.Post-structuralism emphasizes the ways in which different aspects of a cultural order, from its most banal material details to its most abstract theoretical exponents, determine one another. These philosophies  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  include many, widely varying disciplines into a synthetic view of knowledge and its relationship to experience, the body , society and economy – a synthesis in which these are a part. Social theorists such as  anthropologist  and  ethnographer  Claude Levi-Strauss,  Marshall Sahlins,  James Boon  and  Pierre Bourdieu  have analysed human culture and society as a system of structures that need to be studied and analysed.The Postmodern philosophy and other related philosophies  such as a structural and scientific approach to all human activities like marriage, cultural values, religious beliefs, social conventions, art and traditions of peoples of the world  is a movement away from the viewpoint of  modernism. More specifically it is a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by the problem of  objective truth  and inherent suspicion towards  global cultural narrative or meta-narrative.It involves the belief that many, if not all, apparent realities are only social constructs, as they are subject to change inherent to time and place. It emphasizes the role of l anguage, power relations, and motivations; in particular it attacks the use of sharp classifications that are absolute and rigid, rather, it holds realities to be plural and relative, and dependent on who the interested parties are and what their interests consist in. With so much thought being generated in a cross-cultural, globalised scene, the concept of tourism has become a many-layered complex of meanings.Tourism has become the subject of much research. In  Global Tourism,  Davidson contends that tourism is not an industry at all. Tourism should not be viewed as a product activity or product but as a social phenomenon, an experience or a process. Recent research on tourism postulates that there are three approaches in defining Tourism—technical, economical and holistic. The first attempts to collect data by identifying tourists; the second treats Tourism as a business and industry. Holistic approach or definition attempts to include the entire essence of the subject. GMS Dann treats Tourism as a sociological process, an art of promotion, with a discourse of its own. The language of Tourism has its own essence. Tourism as Communication The social aspect of tourism enhances its value as a communicative process because  Tourism is an industry with a difference. There is an undeniable exchange between places and people. This exchange is what is meant by communication. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines.Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the different parameters of human symbolic interaction. Communication  is the activity of conveying  Ã‚  information. Communication  requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space.Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender. Thus, communication is a two- way process. The interaction of the tourist with the places he visits and the people he meets is therefore, a form of communication in which both the visitor and the visited form a communication cycle. A considerable amount of weightage is given to the power of impressions on the mind of a person living in the twenty-first century.One of the most important aspects of Tourism is the communication of the impressions created in the minds of tourists. These include non-verbal aspects — sights and sounds communicate a general impression– and the verbal aspect of communication– language p lays an important role in creating impressions. In the field of Tourism, communication, both non-verbal and verbal, can play a vital role in the promotion and profitability of this socio-economic process. THE  Ã‚  LANGUAGE OF TOURISM The third part of the paper deals with the language of tourism and its relevance to tourism in India.The International standard for Travel and Tourism, as recommended by the Ottawa Conference and adopted by UN  Ã‚  Statistical  Ã‚  Committee , proposed  Ã‚  leisure, recreation and holidays; visiting friends and relatives; business and professional; health treatment; religion/ pilgrimage; historical; other (transit etc. ),as tourist activities. The Global Tourist in India seeks  novelty, history,  knowledge, retreat, shopping,  medical expertise, and the endless variety of Indian culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every field has its language—the language of music, of art†¦so does Tourism.The language of Tourism, however, comprises of the non- verbal and verbal aspects of Tourism. Non- Verbal Communication And Tourism Nonverbal communication  describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages such as  Ã‚  gesture,  body language  or  posture;  facial expression  and eye contact; object communication such as  clothing,  hairstyles,  architecture,  symbols  and  infographics, as well as through an aggregate of the above. Non-verbal communication is also called silent language and plays a key role in human day to day life from habits to etiquettes to civic sense and moral attitude.Visual communication  is the conveyance of ideas and information through creation of visual representations. Primarily associated with  two dimensional  images, it includes:  signs,  typography,  drawing,  graphic design,  illustration, colours, and electronic resources, video and TV. Canadian media scholar  Harold Innis  had the theory that people use different typ es of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society.His famous example of this is using  ancient Egypt  and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called ‘Space Binding'. It made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and ‘Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids that  Ã‚  can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society.This is an instance of Historical Tourism as well as visual and non-verbal communication. There are several examples of non-verbal and visual signs in the context of Tourism. These include historical monuments, places of interest, scenery, national par ks, rivers, forests etc. Indian Tourism offers an endless variety in all these. But our historical edifices silently communicate our inability to treasure our  controversial history, and our indifference towards the proud preservation of our cultural heritage, through the defacement of our historical structures by both, the public and the government.Keeping these points in mind one only has to  Ã‚  look around oneself to see what kind of non-verbal language we are using to woo our Tourist—filth on roads, dirty toilets, rape of foreign tourists, over-pricing of souvenirs, cheating, shabby treatment of women and the elderly, throwing water over balconies, or garbage in the handiest corner,†¦ the list of the  Ã‚  non-verbal images India communicates to the world through the tourists is not always what one wishes to project or convey. First we have to improve our non- verbal and visual signals; then our verbal skills.The sensitive advertisements made by` Incredible Ind ia’ are a very good step in this direction. The ‘DevoAtithiBhavo’ campaign is trying to sensitise the Indian public to view their actions and understand how they can appear to the outsiders or to Tourists. Verbal communication  is related to words and does not synonym for verbal or spoken message. Therefore, vocal voices that are not words, such as a mumble, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages and writing are normally known as verbal communication.Nonverbal communication can be done by any  sensory  channel like with the help of sight, hear, smell, feel or taste. The forms of  verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. Verbal aspects of language are  Visible or Written and Audible or Spoken,  Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as  paralanguage. These include voice quality, emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features such as  rhythm,  intonation  and  stress. Likewise, written t exts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of  emoticons  to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.Oral communication,  while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, typically relies on words, visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of the meaning. Oral communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal communication and many other varieties. In face to face communication the  body language  and voice tonality plays a significant role and may have a greater impact on the listener than the intended content of the spoken words. Spoken Language contains elements like  audibility  and  comprehensibility.Comprehensibility lies in the correct  modulation,  accent,  intonation,  vocabulary,  grammar. Visible verbal Language  refers to  bill boards,  sign boards,  pamphlets/leaflets,  menus in restaurants,  magazines, books—t ourist guide-books, literary books†¦Here also bad printing, wrong spelling and shoddily translated works convey to Tourists the impression of a badly educated and unaware India. Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process enables  collaboration  and  cooperation.Language is the most natural link between humans today. The variety of languages in the world makes verbal communication a challenge. The development of English, Spanish and Chinese as the language of a major segment of the global population is a healthy development. A common, communicative language is required to enhance tourism Verbal Language and Indian Culture. There are many Indias within India. Linguistic identity is an integral part of Indian-ness and culture. Indian history, literature, science, medicine, religion and spiritual knowledge is a priceless heritage preserved in hundreds of languages.Language  in India is a many-splendoured thing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  there are several classes of  Indian languages– classical, regional,  dialect,  Ã‚  official,national. Since communication requires adeptness in language—both, national and international, Indian Tourism must pay attention to the socio-cultural-lingual aspect of India. Just as one pays attention to the non- verbal communication that Indians may convey to Tourists, it is important to ensure that the verbal communication of India and its public is impressive and Tourist-friendly.The language of any country or region is an indicator of the nature and complexity of its culture. The official languages of the country as well as of the states must be communicated to the Tourist in a befitting manner. This means that English and Hindi, and regional languages must be promoted and encouraged. This sounds simple but is a very tricky issue. With the emphasis on science and professional  subjects, language studies has been neglectedâ €”students and universities, both have let  Ã‚  the standard of language slide.Consequently, English, while preferred by the majority of young Indians, remains a difficult language to master, and native languages suffer due to indifference and the contempt of the familiar. Moreover, these languages do not seem to offer any avenues of advancement, as there are not many profitable careers in regional or rural languages. The Tourism sector can benefit enormously, at the same time it can revive  Ã‚  interest  Ã‚  in learning languages among the youth. It can, and should work towards raising the standard of language in the Tourism sector.It can do this in two major ways. First, it must engage persons with good language ability— in English, Hindi along with one or more regional languages. Second, it must invest time and money in Training. Language Training  in India is multi faceted—and involves the consideration of two vital issues–Indian Languages and In dian Heritage. The language Users—employees at  information desks, reception centers,  booking centres should have a high level of communication skills.The personnel working in the Tourist areas must be well-versed in the historical, geographical. cultural and socio-economic significance of the area they operate from. Tourist Guides  are a very visible face of tourism. A great presenter must capture the attention of the audience and connect with them. The audience or tourists should have a positive impact with his/her body language and tone of voice. Visual aid can help to facilitate effective communication and is almost always used in presentations for an audience.Here, the use of English, Hindi and of the local language is an important factor in making the experience a good means of communication between India and the Tourist. A widely cited and widely misinterpreted figure used to emphasize the importance of delivery states that â€Å"communication comprise 55% body language, 38% tone of voice, 7% content of words†, the so-called â€Å"7%-38%-55% rule†. This is not, however, what the cited research shows – rather, when conveying  emotion,  if body language, tone of voice, and words  disagree,  then body language and tone of voice will be believed more than words.A Guide who does not know the history and significance of the tourist item he is presenting would spoil the pleasure of the experience for the Tourist. If he knows and cannot communicate either due to poor communication skills or incomprehensible accent the whole exercise is rendered futile. Since the Guide represents, both, the tourism sector and the country and society of the visited, the poor performance of the Guide communicates a certain impression detrimental to the image of the country or state.At this point, an illustration of the use of Urdu in the Tourism of Jammu and Kashmir may add weight to the argument. If the personnel of the Tourist Departmen t have proficiency in English, Hindi, and Dogri, Urdu or Ladakhi, the temples of Jammu, the monuments of the Mughals and the eternal mountains of Ladakh would come alive for any Tourist and remind him forever of the richness, big-heartedness and timelessness of India. On the other hand, ignorant, and bad speakers may create the impression that a once great people have become an apology of a nation.Recommendations for making tourism more successful:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make non-verbal signs of communication strong, correct and positive in their impact. People associated with the tourism industry must understand the vital role of language. Language is one of the most important tools in their work -kit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attitude of the industry towards the language-ability of their policy-makers, executives and field-level workers should not be indifferent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training in Languages must be stringent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Special hubs must be created for teaching language skill ConclusionLanguage is a vital indicator of the level of any civilization. The level of the proficiency in language highlights culture of the people. Skill in the local, regional, national and an international language is the Brahamastra that will provide the cutting edge to successful Tourism SELECT  Ã‚  BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Burkart, AJ and Medlik, S. Tourism: Past, Present and Future. London: Heinemann, 1974. 2. Conrady, Roland and Buck, Martin, ed. Trends and Issues in Global Tourism . Berlin: Springer, c2008. 3. Dann, Graham M. S. Global Tourism. New York: CABI Pub. , 2008. 4.Dann, Graham M. S. The Language of Tourist: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Wallingford, Oxon, UK : CABI Pub. , 1996 5. Dann, Graham M. S. Tourist as a Metaphor of the Social World. New York: CABI Pub. , 2002 6. Leed, J. Eric. The Mind of the Traveler: From Gilgamesh to Global Tourism. NY: Basic Books, 1991. 7 . Meethan, Kevin. Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture, Consumption. New York: Palgrave, 2001 8. Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Philosophy in Turbulent Times: Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault, Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008

Homelessness in the usa

Psychology Name College Homelessness in the USA There still exist problem of homelessness in the United States long after the United States Housing Act of 1937 made it clear that the federal government would provide safe, decent and affordable housing. It is not that the government has neglected the poorest people in the country. The United States Quality of Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 reveals that the federal government has little role to play in ensuring that every citizen is housed. This is a show that there are other factors contributing to the growing problem of homelessness.In every American city, one is likely to find homeless families living in abandoned buildings, cars, shelters among other places. This paper looks at two biological factors and two social factors that may be related to becoming or being homeless. History on mental illness is one of the contributing factors to increase in homelessness. A majority of the homeless persons experience mental probl ems as a result of traumatic circumstances that dominate their lives (The United States Conference of Mayors, 2008). The illness takes different forms and mainly affects the functioning of the mind.This makes it difficult for an individual to lead a normal life as it becomes hard to perform daily duties. In addition, relatives or close friends often avoid associating with the mentally ill pushing them to the streets. Depression is one of the most common forms of mental illness affecting homeless individuals. According to the National Institute of Health (201 1), approximately twenty-five per cent of the mentally ill population comes from the homeless population. This is a high figure that is attributed to the stressful situations characterized by the depression.Individuals in such situations have a egative outlook towards life and are constantly struggling to make things work out. A person without a home feels lost and has a general low self-esteem. In addition, such a person has no interest in previous activities that were considered fun and would most likely keep to themselves. The isolation and loneliness often leads to depression for persons living in a homeless community. Moreover, situations that result in depression can result trom actual homelessness or can occur atter the loss ot a home (Marcuse, 1988).Another form of mental illness that has relations with becoming or eing homeless is schizophrenia. However, unlike depression, schizophrenia has biological and genetic components. This means that it does not result from external features like harmful environment or homelessness. The mental condition is devastating as it affects the how one perceives reality. This makes it difficult for one to handle the daily activities. Therefore, it is the condition that makes an individual become homeless. Individuals suffering from schizophrenia display two categories of symptoms.The first category of symptoms is referred to as positive symptoms. They re in form of delusions and hallucinations and cannot be seen on healthy individuals. For instance, hallucinations take the form of smell, sounds, and sights felt only by the affected persons. On the other hand, delusions are consistent false beliefs regardless of whether they are true or not. The second category is that of negative symptoms which are evidently seen in the life of a healthy individual but are not considered schizophrenic. Some of the common symptoms are displeasure in life or activities.It also includes the tendency to stay lonely and avoiding interaction with ther persons. This category also has symptoms relating to cognitive ability whereby an individual is unable to remember information Just received. This includes reduced capability of making informed decisions and solving problems (National Institute of Mental Health, 2011). The symptoms are a cause of distress to individuals who find it difficult to handle even the simplest tasks. This makes it hard for the affected individ uals to build lasting relationships and develop careers.In turn, it becomes difficult to maintain a home consequently leading to homelessness. There are many social factors that may lead to becoming or being homeless. Two of the most prominent social factors are poverty and social abuse. Poverty can be as a result of lack of material resources and the unfavorable market condition for housing. This affects the poor who can barely afford to rent a decent house. Most of the homeless are poor and are not well educated to secure well-paying Jobs. Therefore, they are less skilled and survive on the wages whose returns have been on the decline (Quigley Raphael & Smolensky, 2001).The rising share of income spent on housing osts is unbearable for the majority of the poor. It has become nearly impossible to own or rent a housing unit. This is the reason why most metropolitan areas have continued to experience an increase in homeless families living within the cities. Measures such as availabi lity of shelter beds in certain cities and regulations that criminalize homelessness have not been successful in bringing families and individuals out of the street. Social abuse is another factor that determines if an individual will become homeless.The most common forms of abuse are physical and exual abuse in childhood. The experience is traumatizing and may lead to major problems such as inability to adjust in all stages of life. There is also increased likelihood of experiencing stress, inability to build lasting relationships, and make good decisions. Furthermore, persons coming from an abusive background are likely to have low self-esteem, which worsens their situation as they become prone to health complications such as going into a depression and substance abuse (Richardson and Bacon, 2003).Children are worse affected compared to adults when t comes to physical and sexual abuse. In addition, children who witness constant violence are also likely to develop negative ettects that lead to homelessness. T atmosphere of violence becomes a part of their lifestyle as they become used to the incidences. Such exposure makes them develop less fear to otherwise dangerous experiences. This is what has enabled most of the children who grow in the street to get used to the harsh conditions. They tolerate the violence and later become perpetrators of the same.

Chipotle Case Analysis

Chipotle Case Analysis-By Team PYSHEN Strategic Issue: Chipotle plan to find out a correct and effective strategy to continue its sustainable growth and to maintain its profitability by penetrating high market share while competing with its powerful rivals in the fast-casual food industry. External Environment analysis: GENERAL: 1. Demographic: Population size (O): potential increase in US; Age structure: mainly servicing adult between 18-49 years old; Geographic distribution (O): 39 states in the US, 1 in British and 2 in Canada; Ethnic Mix: N/A; Income Distribution: medium or high income (Customers willing to pay the premium). . Economic (T): stagnate, increasing food cost price (demotic 3. 9%, global 37%) and customers’ dwindling budgets. 3. Political (T): ICE shifts its focus; PETA asked to use CAK; definition of healthy food. 4. Sociocultural (T): Higher wage for CIW. 5. Technological: Prevailing Social media (O); Tortilla grill machine (T). 6. Global: Cultural difference s for new stores (T) in international markets. 7. Physical Environment: N/A. INDUSTRY: 1. New entrants (H): Low Barrier, small economies scale, product taste better, and small capital requirements. 2. Suppliers (L): customized food, many local farms. . Buyers (H): low switch costs, sales represent all revenue. 4. Substitute (H), low switch cost, many choices. 5 Rivalry (H), many equally balanced competitors; low storage cost. Internal Environment Analysis: Tangible Resources: Financial (S): High ROI (approx. 10%) and operation cash flow. (V) Capacity to borrow: N/a. Organizational: autonomy in operation, strong incentive. (V). Physical: 22 independent distributers with high qualities. (R), hard to get â€Å"A† location, and higher cost of construct, new stores’ sales are cannibalized by existing ones. W), local supplier and regional distributer, which reduce cost of transportation (V, R, I) Tech: No tortilla grill (W). Intangible resources: Human (S): Restaurateur prog ram to train and reward managers to stay (V, I, R); Internal staff promotions and development (V). Innovation (S): Simple approach to menus with lots of combinations (V, I, R), Menu & Taste (V, R, I, N), Open kitchen design (V, I, R). Reputation (S): Brand name (V, I, R, N); organic, fresh and sustainable ingredients (V, I, R, N); LEED certified restaurants (V, R).Capabilities: relies on strictly chosen suppliers (I). HR: well motivated and empowered (V, I). Marketing (S): effective promotion of brand name (offer free burritos to neighboring; participation in charity fundraiser; setting up event) (V, I, R, N); valuable word-of-mouth from Facebook (V, I). Management information system: N/A. Management (W): simple structure with single office control may reduce the oversight. Manufacturing (S): food productions are reliable with high quality (V, R, I, N). R&D: (N/A).Core competencies: unique menu design, great taste with its sustainable ingredients and quick service visible for custom ers differentiate Chipotle from others. Strictly chosen suppliers help Chipotle meeting its food in integrity goals. Competitor Analysis: Chipotle has bunch of competitors, and Panera is the most powerful one. Both Panera and Chipotle strive to provide quality food with fast service, focus on building their brand image and establish loyal customer relationship to drive repeat sales, and are unwilling to finance themselves by credit (no long-term debt).However, Panera heavily relies on franchise to expand its market, and develops catering business to promote its sales in future, which parts Chipotle doesn’t involve. In fast-casual food market, Panera is a very strong competitor. Business level strategy: differentiation by offering sustainable ingredient and better taste as well as satisfied fast service. Alternatives: 1. Globalization by franchise: Chipotle only has three foreign stores, which located only in Anglo-Saxon countries.However, enlarging its foreign market is a lon g-term task, and is required more financial support. In current status, Chipotle has faced supplier shortage problem. Therefore building local suppliers is becoming more critical issue and need great efforts, and whether this activity can guarantee enough supplies, which meet Chipotle’s strict standards, is still in doubt. A better way is to franchise in international markets because local managers will more familiar with the needs of local customers. Another reason is that Chipotle is reluctant to finance by debt.Through franchising in foreign markets, Chipotle may gather positive cash flows to fund company owned restaurants in U. S. , and avoid large uncertain expense, cultural shock as well as political risks that may be incurred in foreign markets. 2. Exploiting its suppliers: A possible way to penetrate more market share is to exploit and streamline its suppliers. The case shows that the company developed its suppliers by restrict quality, price and protocol standards. S ome supplies shortages have been happened and some restaurants cannot operate smoothly without key ingredients.Chipotle did a good job in its downstream business, which is to provide a qualified food and services; however, it upstream still needs to be well exploited efficiently to meet the huge needs of customers. Two feasible ways may not only lower the food cost but also overcome the shortage. One is developing more qualified suppliers in foreign markets. Although, the requirement of suppliers is hard to meet, Chipotle could corporate with local governments to acquire standardized supplies (successful example is KFC in China). The tariff and freight may be offset by lower labor cost.The other way is to tap into more potential suppliers, with an enlarged supply chains, the company may enjoy a lower cost by economic scale effect. Recommendation: Comparing with the above alternatives, we recommend Chipotle to adopt the second one. The relationship with suppliers is considered as one of its capabilities, and thus, adopting the second method may involve less risky. If the company implements it appropriately, an efficient and effect supply chain could also become its core competency, reduce its cost of goods sold and achieve expected SSS growth.

The Covenant Between God And The Isrealites

Covenant is a word that seems complicated to analyze and discuss by so many people and this is the reason why many people fail to keep covenant among them, even back in the old testament of the bible written 2000BC, the Israelites often fail in the covenant between them and God and only God who is perfect never fails.â€Å"The distance between God and the creature is so great,† says the Westminster Confession (VII. I), â€Å"that although reasonable creatures do owe obedience unto him as their Creator, yet they could never have any fruition of him as their blessedness and reward, but by some voluntary condescension on God's part, which he hath been pleased to express by way of covenant. † Exactly!So biblical doctrine, first to last, has to do with covenantal relationships between God and man; biblical ethics has to do with expressing God's covenantal relationship to us in covenantal relationships between ourselves and others; and Christian religion has the nature of cov enant life, in which God is the direct object of our faith, hope, love, worship, and service, all animated by gratitude for grace.Our theme is the life-embracing bedrock reality of the covenant relationship between the Creator and Christians, and it is high time we defined exactly what we are talking about. A covenant relationship is a voluntary mutual commitment that binds each party to the other. Whether it is negotiated, like a modern business deal or a marriage contract, or unilaterally imposed, as all God's covenants are, is irrelevant to the commitment itself; the reality of the relationship depends simply on the fact that mutual obligations have been accepted and pledged on both sides.Luther is held to have said that Christianity is a matter of personal pronouns, in the sense that everything depends on knowing that Jesus died for me, to be my Savior, and that his Father is my God and Father, personally committed to love, nurture, uphold, and glorify me. This already is covena nt thinking, for this is the essential substance of the covenant relationship: God's covenant is precisely a matter of these personal pronouns, used in this way, as a basis for a life with God of friendship, peace and communicated love.Going back to the Old Testament of the Bible, when God tells Abraham, â€Å"I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you . . . to be your God . . . I will be their God† (Gen. 17:6-8), the personal pronouns are the key words: God is committing himself to Abraham and Abraham's seed in a way in which he does not commit himself to others. God's covenant commitment expresses eternal election; his covenant love to individuals sinners flows from his choice of them to be his for ever in the peace of justification and the joy of glorification.The verbal commitment in which electing sovereignty thus shows itself has the nature of a promise, the fulfillment of which is guaranteed by God's absolu te fidelity and trustworthiness — the quality that David Livingstone the explorer celebrated by describing God as â€Å"an honorable gentleman who never breaks his word. † The covenant promise itself, â€Å"I will be your God,† is an unconditional undertaking on God's part to be â€Å"for us† (Rom. 8:31), â€Å"on our side† (Ps. 124:1-5), using all his resources for the furthering of the ultimate good of those (â€Å"us†) to whom he thus pledges himself.â€Å"I will take you as my own people, and I will be your God† (Ex. 6:7), the covenant promise constantly repeated throughout both testaments (Gen. 17:6-8; Ex. 20:2, 29:45 Ezek. 11:20, 34:30 f. , 36:28; 2 Cor. 6:16-18; Rev. 21:2 f. ; etc. ), may fairly be called the pantechnicon promise, inasmuch as every particular promise that God makes is packed into it — fellowship and communion first (â€Å"I will be with you,† â€Å"I will dwell among them,† â€Å"I will li ve among you,† etc.), and then the supply of every real need, here and hereafter. Sovereignty and salvation, love and largesse, election and enjoyment, affirmation and assurance, fidelity and fullness thus appear as the spectrum of themes (the second of each pair being the fruit of the first as its root) that combine to form the white light, glowing and glorious, of the gracious self-giving of God to sinners that covenant theology proclaims.The God-given covenant carries, of course, obligations. The life of faith and repentance, and the obedience to which faith leads, constitute the covenant-keeping through which God's people receive the fullness of God's covenant blessing. â€Å"I carried you on eagles' wings and brought you to myself. Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my treasured possession† (Ex. 19:4 f. ).Covenant faithfulness is the condition and means of receiving covenant benefits, and there is nothing arbitrary in that; for the blessings flow from the relationship, and human rebelliousness and unfaithfulness stop the flow by disrupting the relationship. Israel's infidelity was constantly doing this throughout the Old Testament story, and the New Testament makes it plain that churches and Christians will lose blessings that would otherwise be theirs, should covenant fidelity be lacking in their lives.The very first covenant that could be read in the bible is that of our first father and mother who destroyed the covenant just because of a fruit given to them by a camouflaged Satan. This original covenantal arrangement, usually called the Covenant of Works, was one whereby God undertook to prolong and augment for all subsequent humanity the happy state in which he had made the first human pair — provided that the man observed, as part of the humble obedience that was then natural to him, one prohibition, specified in the narrative as not eating a forbidden fruit.The devil, presented as a serpent, seduced Adam and Eve into disobeying, so that they fell under the penal sanctions of the Covenant of Works (loss of good, and corruption of nature). But God at once revealed to them in embryo a redemptive economy that had in it both the covering of sin, and a prospective victory for the woman's seed (a human Savior) over the serpent and his malice.The redemptive purpose of this new arrangement became clearer as God called Abraham, made a nation from his descendants, saved them from slavery, named himself not only their God but also their King and Father, taught them his law (the family code), drilled them in sacrificial liturgies, disciplined their disobedience, and sent messengers to hold up before them his holiness and his promise of a Savior King and a saving kingdom; which in due course became reality.The Westminster Confession summarizes what was going on in and through all this. â€Å"Man, by his fall, having made himself incapable of life by (the first) covenant, t he Lord was pleased to make a second, commonly called the covenant of grace: wherein he freely offered unto sinners life and salvation by Jesus Christ, requiring of them faith in him, that they may be saved, and promising to give unto all those that are ordained unto eternal life his Holy Spirit, to make them willing and able to believe. . .â€Å"This covenant was differently administered in the time of the law, and in the time of the gospel; under the law it was administered by promises, prophecies, sacrifices, circumcision, the paschal lamb, and other types and ordinances delivered to the people of the Jews, all fore signifying Christ to come, which were, for that time, sufficient and efficacious, through the operation of the Spirit, to instruct and build up the elect in faith in the promised Messiah, by whom they had full remission of sins, and eternal salvation; and is called the old Testament.â€Å"Under the gospel, when Christ, the substance, was exhibited, the ordinances in which this covenant is dispensed are the preaching of the Word, and the administration of the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper . . . in them, it is held forth in more fullness, evidence and spiritual efficacy, to all nations, both Jews and Gentiles; and is called the new Testament. There are not therefore two covenants of grace, differing in substance, but one and the same, under various dispensations† (VII. iii. v. vi).So the unifying strands that bind together the books of the Bible are, first, the one covenant promise, sloganized as â€Å"I will be your God, and you shall be my people,† which God was fulfilling to his elect all through his successive orderings of covenant faith and life; second, the one messenger and mediator of the covenant, Jesus Christ the God-man, prophet and king, priest and sacrifice, the Messiah of Old Testament prophecy and New Testament proclamation; third, the one people of God, the covenant community, the company of the elect, whom God brings to faith and keeps in faith, from Abel, Noah and Abraham through the remnant of Israel to the worldwide New Testament church of believing Jews and Gentiles; and fourth, the one pattern of covenant piety, consisting of faith, repentance, love, joy, praise, hope, hatred of sin, desire for sanctity, a spirit of prayer, and readiness to battle the world, the flesh, and the devil in order to glorify God . . . a pattern displayed most fully, perhaps, in Luther's â€Å"little Bible,† the Psalter, but seen also in the lives of God's servants in both Testaments and reflected more or less fully in each single one of the Old and New Testament books.Covenant theologians insist that every book of the Bible in effect asks to be read in terms of these unities, and as contributing to the exposition of them, and is actually misunderstood if it is not so read. Some of the major covenant between God and man in the old testament would be discussed to show the importance and effec t of a covenant as an agreement. THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND THE ISREALITES According to the Bible the history of Israel began when Abraham was called by God to leave his family and his home and settle in Canaan. His son Isaac, and his grandson, Jacob, lived there until Jacob was forced by famine to flee to Egypt with his remaining sons, where one of them, Joseph, already held a position of prominence after a grass to grace encounter. The descendants of Jacob were enslaved in Egypt.God charged Moses with the deliverance of his people from bondage. This he did with the aid of God, who dried up the ‘Red Sea' so that the Israelites could cross in safety, while the pursuing Egyptian army drowned. Moses and his people continued to Mount Sinai, where a covenant was concluded establishing God as the Lord of his chosen people, Israel. The conditions of the covenant were laid down in a law including the Ten Commandments. However, because of the people's disobedience their march toward the Promised Land turned into forty years of wanderings in the wilderness. Finally, after the death of Moses, the people of Israel entered Canaan from the east, crossing the River Jordan.Under the leadership of Joshua they sacked Jericho; after the city walls came tumbling down rather miraculously, and then went on to conquer the rest of Canaan. THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND THE ABRAHAM † Now Sarai, Abram's wife, bore him no children. She had an Egyptian slave-girl whose name was Hagar, and Sarai said to Abram, â€Å"You see that the LORD has prevented me from bearing children; go in to my slave-girl; it may be that I shall obtain children by her. â€Å"And Abram listened to the voice of Sarai. So, after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan, Sarai, Abram's wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her slave-girl, and gave her to her husband Abram as a wife. Hagar bore Abram a son; and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael.Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bor e him Ishmael. When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said to him, â€Å"I am God Almighty;† walk before me, and be blameless. And I will make my covenant between me and you, and will make you exceedingly numerous. † Then Abram fell on his face; and God said to him, â€Å"As for me, this is my covenant with you: You shall be the ancestor of a multitude of nations. No longer shall your name be Abram, but your name shall be Abraham; for I have made you the ancestor of a multitude of nations. I will make you exceedingly fruitful; and I will make nations of you, and kings shall come from you.I will establish my covenant between me and you, and your offspring after you throughout their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your offspring after you. And I will give to you, and to your offspring after you, the land where you are now an alien, all the land of Canaan, for a perpetual holding; and I will be their God. â €  God said to Abraham, â€Å"As for you, you shall keep my covenant, you and your offspring after you throughout their generations. This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your offspring after you: Every male among you shall be circumcised. You shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskins, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and you.Throughout your generations every male among you shall be circumcised when he is eight days old, including the slave born in your house and the one bought with your money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring. Both the slave born in your house and the one bought with your money must be circumcised. So shall my covenant be in your flesh an everlasting covenant. Any uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin shall be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant. † God said to Abraham, â€Å"As for Sarah your wife, you shall not call her Sarai, but Sarah shall be her name. I will bless her, and moreover I will give you a son by her. I will bless her, and she shall give rise to nations; kings of peoples shall come from her.† Then Abraham fell on his face and laughed, and said to himself, â€Å"Can a child be born to a man who is a hundred years old? Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a child? † And Abraham said to God, â€Å"O that Ishmael might live in your sight! † God said, â€Å"No, but your wife Sarah shall bear you a son, and you shall name him Isaac. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his offspring after him. As for Ishmael, I have heard you; I will bless him and make him fruitful and exceedingly numerous; he shall be the father of twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation. But my covenant I will establish with Isaac, whom Sarah shall bear to you at this season next year. † And when he had finished talking with him, God went up from Abraham.Then Abraham took h is son Ishmael and all the slaves born in his house or bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham's house, and he circumcised the flesh of their foreskins that very day, as God had said to him. Abraham was ninety-nine years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. And his son Ishmael was thirteen years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. That very day Abraham and his son Ishmael were circumcised; and all the men of his house, slaves born in the house and those bought with money from a foreigner, were circumcised with him. . The LORD dealt with Sarah as he had said, and the LORD did for Sarah as he had promised.Sarah conceived and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the time of which God had spoken to him. Abraham gave the name Isaac to his son whom Sarah bore him. And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him. Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him. Now S arah said, â€Å"God has brought laughter for me; everyone who hears will laugh with me. † And she said, â€Å"Who would ever have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have borne him a son in his old age. † The child grew, and was weaned; and Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned. But Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, playing with her son Isaac.So she said to Abraham, â€Å"Cast out this slave woman with her son; for the son of this slave woman shall not inherit along with my son Isaac. † The matter was very distressing to Abraham on account of his son. But God said to Abraham, â€Å"Do not be distressed because of the boy and because of your slave woman; whatever Sarah says to you, do as she tells you, for it is through Isaac that offspring shall be named for you. As for the son of the slave woman, I will make a nation of him also, because he is your offspring. † So Abraham ros e early in the morning, and took bread and a skin of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, along with the child, and sent her away. And she departed, and wandered about in the wilderness of Beer-sheba.When the water in the skin was gone, she cast the child under one of the bushes. Then she went and sat down opposite him a good way off, about the distance of a bowshot; for she said, â€Å"Do not let me look on the death of the child. † And as she sat opposite him, she lifted up her voice and wept. And God heard the voice of the boy; and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven, and said to her, â€Å"What troubles you, Hagar? Do not be afraid; for God has heard the voice of the boy where he is. Come, lift up the boy and hold him fast with your hand for I will make a great nation of him. † Then God opened her eyes and she saw a well of water. She went, and filled the skin with water, and gave the boy a drink.God was with the boy, and he grew up; he lived in the wilderness, and became an expert with the bow. He lived in the wilderness of Paran; and his mother got a wife for him from the land of Egypt. † THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND THE NOAH Centuries before the time of Abraham, God made a covenant with Noah, assuring Noah that He would never again destroy the world by flood (Gen. 9). Noah lived at a time when the whole earth was filled with violence and corruption — yet Noah did not allow the evil standards of his day to rob him of fellowship with God. He stood out as the only one who â€Å"walked with God† (Gen. 6:9), as was also true of his great-grandfather Enoch (Gen. 5:22). â€Å"Noah was a just man, perfect in his generations† (Gen. 6:9).The Lord singled out Noah from among all his contemporaries and chose him as the man to accomplish a great work. When God saw the wickedness that prevailed in the world (Gen. 6:5), He told Noah of His intention to destroy the ancient world by a universal flood. God instructed Noah to build an ark (a large barge) in which he and his family would survive the universal deluge. Noah believed God and â€Å"according to all that God commanded him, so he did† (Gen. 6:22). Noah is listed among the heroes of faith. â€Å"By faith Noah, being divinely warned of things not yet seen, moved with godly fear, prepared an ark for the saving of his household, by which he condemned the world and became heir of the righteousness which is according to faith† (Heb. 11:7).With steadfast confidence in God, Noah started building the ark. During this time, Noah continued to preach God's judgment and mercy, warning the ungodly of their approaching doom. Peter reminds us of how God â€Å"did not spare the ancient world, but saved Noah, one of eight people, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood on the world of the ungodly† (2 Pet. 2:5). Noah preached for 120 years, apparently without any converts. At the end of that time, â€Å"whe n †¦ the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah †¦ eight souls were saved through water† (1 Pet. 3:20). People continued in their evil ways and ignored his pleadings and warnings until the flood overtook them.When the ark was ready, Noah entered in with all kinds of animals â€Å"and the Lord shut him in† (Gen. 7:16), cut off completely from the rest of mankind. Noah was grateful to the Lord who had delivered him from the flood. After the flood, he built an altar to God (Gen. 8:20) and made a sacrifice, which was accepted graciously, for in it â€Å"the Lord smelled a soothing aroma† (Gen. 8:21). The Lord promised Noah and his descendants that He would never destroy the world again with a universal flood (Gen. 9:15). The Lord made an everlasting covenant with Noah and his descendants, establishing the rainbow as the sign of His promise (Gen. 9:1-17). Another part of the covenant involved the sanctity of human life, i. e., that â€Å"whoever sh eds man's blood, by man his blood shall be shed; for in the image of God He made man† (Gen. 9:6). Every time we see a rainbow today we are reminded of that agreement — this covenant has not been done away with. As long as God still sends rainbows after a storm, capital punishment will still be a part of God's law for the human race. THE MOSAIC COVENANT The Israelites moved to Egypt during the time of Joseph. A new Pharaoh came upon the scene and turned the Israelites into common slaves. The people cried out to the God of their forefathers. â€Å"So God heard their groaning, and God remembered His covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob† (Exo. 2:24).After a series of ten plagues upon the land of Egypt, God brought the Israelites out â€Å"of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand† (Exo. 32:11). Three months after leaving the land of Egypt, the children of Israel camped at the base of Mount Sinai (Exo. 19:1). God promised to make a covenant with the Israelites (Exo. 19:3-6). Before they even knew the conditions of the contract, the people agreed to abide by whatever God said (Exo. 19:8). This covenant was between God and the people of Israel — you and I are not a party in this contract (and never have been). The Ten Commandments are the foundation of the covenant, but they are not the entirety of it.After giving the first ten commands, the people asked the Lord to speak no more (Exo. 20:18-20). Moses then drew near to the presence of God to hear the rest of the covenant (Exo. 20:21). After receiving the Law, Moses spoke the words of the covenant to all of the people, and the people agreed to obey (Exo. 24:4). Moses then wrote the conditions of the covenant down, offered sacrifices to God, and then sprinkled both the book and the people with blood to seal the covenant (Exo. 24:8). This covenant between God and the people of Israel was temporary — God promised a day when He would make a new covenant, not on ly with Israel but also with all mankind.â€Å"Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah — not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, though I was a husband to them, says the Lord. But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord: I will put my law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people† (Jer. 31:31-34). The old testament of the Bible, from Genesis to Malachi, are, as was said earlier, God's own record of the progressive unfolding of his purpose to have a people in covenant with himself here on earth. The covenantal character of God's relationships with human beings, first to last, has already been underlined, and is in fact reflected one way and anot her on just about every page of the Bible.The transition in Eden from the covenant of works to the covenant of grace, and the further transition from all that was involved in the preliminary (old) form of that covenant to its final (new) form, brought in through the death of Jesus Christ and now administered by him from his throne, are the key events in the covenant story. The significance of the fact that God caused his book of instruction to mankind to be put together with the history of his covenant as its backbone can hardly be overestimated. Covenant relationships between God and men, established by God's initiative, bringing temporal and eternal blessings to individuals and creating community among them, so that they have a corporate identity as God's people, are in fact the pervasive themes of the whole Bible; and it compels thoughtful readers to take note of the covenant as being central to God's concern.Finally, with all these examples and explanations on the covenant in th e old testament of the bible, it would be seen that covenant is not just a thing to be handled slightly, if you know you have no capacity to involve in a covenant is better you refrain so that you will not spend years in the wilderness for disobedience. SOURCES Old Testament of the King James Version of the Holy bible. The Five Great Bible Covenant by David Padfield God of Promise: Introducing Covenant Theology by Michael Horton Truman G. Madsen and Seth Ward (2001). Covenant and Chosenness in Judaism and Mormonism. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. People of the Covenant : an Introduction To the Hebrew Bible (4TH 96 Edition) by Henry J. Flanders and Robert W. Crapps and David A. Smith